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Commercial Business Lending. As of December 31, 2019, commercial business loans totaled $41.6 million, or 4.7% of our loan portfolio. Included in commercial business loans was $22.9 million in loans through the Northpointe Bank Mortgage Participation Program ("Northpointe MPP"), which provides interim financing to mortgage originators based on the contractual sale agreement of a mortgage loan. The Northpointe MPP interim loan is funded upon receipt of a valid contractual sale agreement and repaid to us when the cash settlement for that loan occurs and the mortgage originator has been paid, generally within 30 days. Management selects which mortgage originators to finance based on a review of their business, loan pricing, and origination volumes. At our discretion, we may add or remove mortgage originators from time to time. We also have limited our balance of loans made through the Northpointe MPP to $25.0 million at December 31, 2019. The actual balance in the Northpointe MPP can fluctuate significantly due to variances in the timing of funding and repayments, as well as the program's dependence on the ability to maintain mortgage origination volumes, which has resulted in lower average balances. Management increased the maximum balance of loans through Northpointe MPP from $25.0 to $35.0 million during the first quarter of 2020.

Matthew P. Deines, age 46, became President and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") of First Federal in August 2019, and was elected President, CEO, and director of the Company on December 5, 2019. In over 18 years of banking he has experience in a variety of areas, including strategic planning and acquisitions, investor relations, financial reporting, and digital banking, as well as operations, payments, internal controls and board governance. Mr. Deines served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") of Liberty Bay Bank from November 2018 until May 2019. Prior to that, he began work at Sound Community Bank as its CFO in February 2002 and was promoted to Executive Vice President in January 2005. In 2008, Mr. Deines also became Executive Vice President, CFO, and Corporate Secretary of the newly incorporated Sound Financial, Inc., the predecessor to Sound Financial Bancorp, Inc. ("SFBC"). He held these roles at Sound Community Bank and SFBC until March 2018. In 2000, he received his Washington Certified Public Accountant certificate, currently inactive, while working for O'Roarke, Sacher & Moulton, LLP. Mr. Deines has been a conference speaker and instructor for the Washington Bankers Association and is actively involved with several non-profit organizations.

Changes in interest rates could also have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing the ability of borrowers to repay their current loan obligations or by reducing our margins and profitability. Our net interest margin is the net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets. Changes in interest rates-up or down-could adversely affect our net interest margin and, as a result, our net interest income. Although the yield we earn on our assets and our funding costs tend to move in the same direction in response to changes in interest rates, one can rise or fall faster than the other, causing our net interest margin to expand or contract. Our liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, so they may adjust faster in response to changes in interest rates. As a result, when interest rates rise, our funding costs may rise faster than the yield we earn on our assets, causing our net interest margin to contract until the yields on interest-earning assets catch up. Changes in the slope of the “yield curve”, or the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates-could also reduce our net interest margin. Normally, the yield curve is upward sloping, meaning short-term rates are lower than long-term rates. Because our liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, when the yield curve flattens or even inverts, we could experience pressure on our net interest margin as our cost of funds increases relative to the yield we can earn on our assets. Also, interest rate decreases can lead to increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-backed securities as

Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense increased $260,000, or 0.8%, to $33.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $32.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to a prepayment penalty taken as a result of the early repayment of certain long-term borrowings at FHLB during the year. In addition, our occupancy and equipment and regulatory assessments and state taxes increased due to our growth and costs related to the examination of First Federal by the Washington Department of Financial Institutions. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in professional fees, primarily legal expenses, and a decrease in FDIC insurance premiums due to a credit for the overpayment of insurance fees in prior periods.

Leases - Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets represent the Company's right to use the underlying asset during the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the future lease payments using the Company's incremental borrowing rate. The Company does not capitalize short-term leases, which are leases with terms of twelve months or less. ROU assets and related operating lease liabilities are remeasured when lease terms are amended, extended, or when management intends to exercise available extension options.