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In August 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that provides guidance on the accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. The standard aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The accounting for the service element of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract is not affected by the new standard. This ASU is effective for annual periods and interim periods for those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted this standard effective January 1, 2019 and the effects of this standard were applied prospectively to eligible costs incurred on or after January 1, 2019. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

At the inception of a contract, the Company determines whether the contract is or contains a lease. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset over the lease term and lease liabilities represent our remaining payment obligation under the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized upon the lease commencement based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets are adjusted for any prepaid or accrued lease payments and unamortized lease incentives or initial direct costs. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate, the variable interest rate on the revolving line of credit (the “Revolver”), based on information available at the lease commencement in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company's lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain it will exercise the option. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Lease expense and sublease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.  See “Note 6 — Leases” for additional information.

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase.  Cash and cash equivalents are classified within Level 1.
Short-term investments consist of readily marketable debt securities with a remaining maturity of more than three months from the time of purchase. The Company liquidated its investment securities during the first half of 2018 to repay the $150.0 million convertible notes that matured August 1, 2018. Based on the Company’s decision to sell these investment securities, an other-than-temporary impairment occurred and a $2.0 million impairment loss was recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Realized gains and losses were immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are recorded in "Interest and other expense, net" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily as a result of lower cash payments made during the current period compared to the prior period related to both employee compensation and other operating costs previously accrued for; offset by less cash received during the current period compared to the prior period related to lower year over year revenue attainment in the preceding fourth quarters and a decrease in Adjusted EBITDA.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP") requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. The Company's significant accounting policies and estimates are described in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. These policies were followed in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and are consistent with the year ended December 31, 2018, except for the new accounting policies related to the adoption and application of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Lease Accounting (“ASC 842") as of January 1, 2019.